| Please take only 30 minutes to complete the two sections of the test, and do not use a dictionary or get help from anybody.
The purpose of this test is to give us and you a general idea of your English ability. When you come to Cornerstone, you will take another more comprehensive placement test involving listening, speaking and writing. Good luck!! Please start the clock now.
Part 1: Grammar and Vocabulary
In this part you must choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence. For questions 1-25, check one letter, A, B, C or D.
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Part 2: Reading
Read the passage about psychology, then answer questions 26 to 30 underneath.
Social Influence
Of the many influences on human behaviour, social influences are the most pervasive. The main influence on people is people. When we hear the term social influence, most of us think of deliberate attempts of someone to persuade us to alter our actions or change our opinions. The television commercial comes to mind. But
many of the most important forms of social influence are unintentional, and some of the effects we humans have on one another occur by virtue of the simple fact that we are in each other's physical presence.
In 1898 a psychologist named Triplett made an interesting observation. In looking over speed records of bicycle racers, he noticed that better speed records were obtained when cyclists raced against each other than when they raced against the clock. This observation led Triplett to perform the first controlled laboratory experiment ever conducted in social psychology. He instructed children to turn a wheel as fast as possible for
a certain period of time. Sometimes two children worked at the same time in the same room, each with his own wheel; at other times, they worked alone. The results confirmed his theory: Children worked faster in coaction, that is, when another child doing the same thing was present, than when they worked alone.
Soon after Triplett's experiment on coaction, it was discovered that the mere presence of a passive spectator (an audience rather than a coactor) was sufficient to facilitate performance. This was discovered accidentally in an experiment on muscular effort and fatigue by Meumann (1904), who found that subjects lifted a weight faster and farther whenever the psychologist was in the room. Later experiments have confirmed this audience
effect.
It appears that coaction and audience effects in humans are caused by the individual's "cognitive" concerns about competition and the evaluation of performance that others will make. We learn as we grow up that others praise or criticize, reward or punish our performances, and this raises our drive level when we perform before others. Thus, even the early studies of coaction found that if all elements of competition are
removed, coaction effects are reduced or eliminated. Similarly, audience effects are a function of the subject's interpretation of how much he is being evaluated.
Adapted from Ernest R. Hilgard, Richard C. Atkinson, and Rita L. Atkinson, Introduction to Psychology. ©1975 by Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc.
You are all done. You will be receiving your test result within 24 hours. Once again, this test is to give us and you a general idea of your English ability. When you come to Cornerstone, you will take another more comprehensive placement test involving listening, speaking and writing.
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